英语构词法

构词法

一、合成法

复合名词:

rainstorm,flashlight,stepsister,stepmother,moonlight,classroom,bedroom,restroom,

workday,backpack,bookstore,textbook,earring,lifetime,keyboard,schoolbag,baseball,notebook,bookcase,basketball,birthday,homework,kilometer,ropeway,hallway,

newspaper,teammate,classmate,deskmate,schoolmate,roommate,workday,

everyday, girlfriend, boyfriend,

schoolwork,relationship,friendship,housework,hometown,childhood,pancake,

countryside,handbag,postman,mooncake,postcard,chopstick,watermelon,weekday,

daytime,headmaster,headteacher,washroom(名词+名词)

复合形容词:worldwide,lifelong,sunburned,southwestern,(名词+形容词)

复合动词:overcome,oversleep(副词+动词)

复合数词:fifty-four, forty-four, ninety-nine(数词+数词)

复合代词:everything,somebody,everybody,anybody,anything(不定代词+名词)

复合副词:downstairs,upstairs,oyernight, underground,(副词+名词)

二、派生法

(一)常见前缀:

1.表明相反意义:

un-(unlucky, unluckily,unusual, unhappy，unfair,unhappily,unimportant,uncrowded,uneasy,unexpected,uncomfortable,)

dis- (diabled, dishonest, dislike, disappear,)

2.表明错误:

Mis-(misunderstand, misuse, mishear,miscount)

3.表明不，非:

Im- (impossible, impolite, impersonal)udynilqterdhyqeslaxqaio,gritlnov

In-(incorrect, incomplete)

Ir-(irregular, irresponsible)

4.表明重新，再次

Re-(rewrite, rebuild, reread, recover)

5.表明使

En-(encourage, enable)

6.表明相互，交互，在一起

Inter-(interview, international, Internet)

(二)常见后缀:

1.形容词后缀:

-able/-ible(available,comfortable,believable,gomfortablé,responsible,

terrble,reusable,valuable,enjoyable)

-al(physical,central,educational,accidental,medical,national, musical,professional,traditional,special,)

-cal ( chemical,medical)

-ful(successful,wonderful,careful,thankful,helpful, truthful,peaceful,harmful,awful,useful)

-less (endless, careless, useless,meaningless,hopeless)

-ly (weekly, friendly,daily, lonely,lively,curly,silly,)

-en (wooden, golden)

-y(noisy,wealthy,crispy,sleepy,thirsty,tiny,busy,funny,shy,dry,snowy,sunny,rainy,windy,cloudy,heavy,lucky)

-ous (serious, famous,humorous,dangerous,nervous, )

-ed (excited,tired,embarrassed,crowded,talented,endangered, )

-ing(boring,interesting,exciting,embarrassing,fascinating,caring,buning,

Amazing,freezing,relaxing,)

(三.)副词后缀

1.-ly(finally,politely,impolitely,unluckily,widely,comfortably,probably,

quietly,seriously,differently,carefully,cheaply,loudly,early,quickly,really,

especially,simply,mostly,completely,recently,clearly,wisely,normally,nearly,slowly,quickly, clearly, easily, sweetly, deeply,happily,gradually, lastynly.)

2. -wards (forwards, afterwards)

(四)动词后缀

1.-en(loosen, brighten)

2. -ize (upologize,realize)

(五)名词后缀

1. -er/-or(performer,writer,worker,ruler,leader,manager,minister,master,

teacher,driver,customer,actor,competitor,banker,doctor,ancestor, visitor,

inventor,director,emperor,emteuder,climber,kecper,maker,player,villager,)

2. -ese (Japanese, Chinese)

3. -ist (typist,violinist, physicist,dentist,pianist,scientist,artist,tourist,)

4. -ess (actress,hostess,)

5.-ment(development,achievement,excitement,environment,

improvement,apartment,improvement,agreement,achievement,amusement, )

6.-ion(pronunciation,prediction,preparation,pollution,discussion,

invention,examination,station,gratuation,expression,celebration,instruction,introduction,inspiration,suggestion,competition,tradition,transportation,discussion,resolution,protection,condition,population,fiction,invention,vacation,)

7. -th (length, truth, youth,warmth,wealth,health,)

8. -ness (kindness, illness, business,shyness,fairness,sadness)

9. -ing (swimming, feeling,earring, ending,happening, dumpling,)

三、转化法

1.名词转化动词:

Show n.展览，展示— show v.表演,展示 water n.水—water v.浇水

place n.地方—place v.放置 fall n.秋天— fall v.跌倒fall down

shake n.混合饮料—shake v.摇动shake hands

Mix n.混合配料–mix v.混合 train n.火车by train—train v.训练

cover n.覆盖物，封皮，盖子–cover v.覆盖，遮盖

notice n.通知，通告—notice v.注意到，意识到

volunteer n.志愿者—volunteer v.义务做，自愿做

interest n.兴趣，关注—interest v.使感兴趣

light n.光线，光亮—light v.点燃 waste n.浪费，垃圾—waste v.浪费

cheat n.骗子— cheat v,欺骗 force n.力量– forcev.迫使

challenge n.挑战，考验—challenge v.挑战 challenge oneself

hurry n. 匆忙in a hurry— hurry v.匆忙hurry up

brush n.刷子— brush v.刷brush one’s teeth

taste n.味道，滋味— taste v.品尝 work n.作品,工作—workv.工作

ride n.旅程—ridev.骑 sleep n.睡眠—sleep v.睡觉

cut n.伤口— cut v.砍 drink n.饮料— drink v.喝

shop n.商店—shopv.购物 snow n.雪— snowv.下雪

park n.公园—park v.停车 cook n.厨具—cook v.做饭

end n.结尾，尽头—end v.结束 answer n.答案—answer v.回答

order n. 点菜，命令—orderv.点菜，命令

milk n.牛奶—milk v.挤奶 farm n.农场—farm v.务农，种田

camp n.野营，营地—camp v.扎营，搭帐篷

Fly n.苍蝇—fly v.飞 color n.颜色—color v.涂色

name n.名字—name v.命名为 watch n手表–watch v.观看

Ring n.戒指–ring v.打电话，打铃 tie n.领带–lie v捆，绑

Play n.戏剧—play v.参与比赛，玩要 mail n.邮件–mail v.发邮件

note n.笔记，记录—note v,注意，指出 score n.分数—score v.进球，得分

Guard n.警卫，守卫—guard v.守卫，保卫 process n.过程—process v.加工，处理

heat n.热，高温—heat v.加热，变热

lock n.锁子—lock v.锁上，锁住 smell n.气味smell v.闻起来

list n.名单，清单—list v.列表，列清单 lift n.电梯—lift v.举起，抬高

Smoke n.烟—smoke v.吸烟，冒烟 land n.土地–land v.着陆，降落

honor n.荣誉—honor v.尊重 knock n.敲击声—knocki v.敲击

value n.价值— valuev 重点关注，珍视 fool n.傻瓜—fool v.愚弄

master n.大师，能手—master v.掌管 litter n.垃圾—litter v.乱扔

2.形容词转化动词:

slow adj. 慢的– slow v.减速，放慢 open adj.开着的—open v.打开

clean adj. 干净的- clean v.打扫 complete adj. 完全的—complete v.完成 empty adj.空的—empty v.清空 Clear adj.清楚的，明确的，-cleary清理，清除

3.动词转化名词

walk v. 散步，走— take a walk n.散步

look v.看—have a look n.看一下，看一看

Help v.协助 help out—help n.协助offer him help

hand v.传递— hand n.协助give sb. a hand

turn v.转动，拒绝turn up/down/on/off— turn n.顺序It's your turn…

dress v.穿衣打扮dress up —dress n.长裙a beautiful dress

try v.尝试，设法 try on –try n.尝试have a try

point v.指向 point at — point n.分数get good points

mind v.介意mind doing sth.—mind n.头脑，心智

laugh v.发笑 laugh at sb–flaugh n.笑声

act v.扮演—act n.表演者

plant v. 种植plant trees— plant n.植物many plants

plan v.计划plan to dojsth. — plan n.计划some plans

四.缩写和简写

telephone—phone airplane—plane

laboratory—lab mathematics—math

advertisement–ad examination—exam

influenza–flu have the flu CD(compact disk)

CCTV(China Central Television) NBA(National Basketbal association)

UN(United Nations).UFO(unidentified flying object)

USA (United States of America)

WWF(World Wide Fund for Nature or World Wildlife Fund)